Stan-heng

Stan

It is thought that the word ‘Stan’ comes from the old English word for stone. This is the simplest and most obvious suggestion.

Some north European languages have a word for stone that sounds like the English word (examples are Sten and stein). However, in Celtic languages from the Atlantic Fringe, the word meaning ‘stone’ appears to be quite different: In Cornish, Sten means the metal tin. In Irish, stáin also means tin and similar words for tin can be found in Catalan, Spanish and Latin. The word ‘tin’, without the ‘s’, seems universal elsewhere in Europe. Our symbol for tin; Sn, is derived from the Latin word Stannum.

 

Heng

The word henge is used in English to describe a circular structure, often a bank, ditch and/or mound sometimes accompanied by standing stone. It was first used in 1932 by a British Museum Keeper, Thomas Kendrick to describe a circular ‘sacred place’. 

 

The elements of all these types of structure are found at Stonehenge, which gave the name ‘henge’ to the other monuments. As time went by, the word ‘henge’ has been more strictly defined and, rather bizarrely, Stonehenge is no longer classified as a henge.

‘Hænge’, ‘Hengsel’ (2), ‘Hing’, ‘Hinge’ (2), ‘Eņģe’ and ‘Gångjärn’ are all words which mean hinge in North European languages other than English. ‘Angel’ also means hinge (and pole or rod) in German. Angleterre (angle-land in French) is the French word for England. In South European languages, some words meaning hinge are ‘Engoznar’, ‘Ganghero’ & ‘Engonçar’. 



Any other thoughts on origins of the words? I’m working on a major expansion of ‘Stonehenge: Solving the Neolithic Universe’, but leaving the original text as it is, following both a recent discovery by The Riverside Project and some insights resulting from the prototype tests. Any thoughts on just about anything would be appreciated.

Full Prototype Test of the Stonehenge Model

The first full 30% prototype was constructed last week: This shows a bamboo ring within which each of the five trilithon sets were laid out to the exactly same axis as at Stonehenge. The polar axis pole was then inserted into the Stone 53/54 (the southern stones where three vertically spaced holes exist on the real Stonehenge trilithons). The pole was set so that it points north-south and directly up towards the North Star. The hinge and rod were then placed so that the hinge was directly over the centre of the circle:

The next step was to clad the frames in cloth to give the same flat, internally facing surfaces as exist as on the Stonehenge trilithons. Spherically arranged mirror frames were then put around the perimeter of the circle and tilted so that they all point directly at the hinge: 

 

Once that was complete, the covers were lifted from the mirror set to allow the “grail” to light up. For this run, I did not bother to keep the external internally facing ring because my mirror frames were designed to be self-supporting:

 

In the picture above, some of the mirrors are unfocused, so they produce both square and lozenge shaped light reflections on the flat surfaces of the trilithon sets. I found that an easy way to focus the mirror sets was to move the mirrors so that only the outline of the reflection remains. However, though all the squares will disappear, some full bright lozenge shapes will always remain, lighting up the back surfaces of the trilithons, if the ring of mirrors is large enough.

The height of the Great Trilithon (at the rear: Stones 55/56) appears to be critical. The positions of the vertically spaced holes in Stones 53 and 54 (the south stones at Stonehenge) allow the reflector to be kept at a constant height above the exterior lintels (of stones 1-30 at Stonehenge): This means that the mirrors can always be checked for position, even at the highest position of the pole of the hinge of stone, providing that the tall stones (of the Great Trilithon at Stonehenge) are as high as they are.

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In the picture below, the focusing arrangement is shown: The rod holding the reflector is hinged so that it always points directly at the sun. As clouds roll over, the light dims; the reflector lighting up again when the clouds pass, appearing to ride on sunbeams. Ropes are shown from trilithon sets 51/52, 57/58 and 59/60 to stabilise the rotating pole and allow it to be gradually rotated to match the movement of the Sun:

The picture above also simulates what one would see from head height if standing so that you can see the hinge. 

In summary, the latest tests have shown some additional reasons for having inwardly facing flat surfaces on Stones 51-60, together with an additional reason for the height of Stones 55 and 56. When combined with the existing reasons described in “Stonehenge: Solving the Neolithic Universe”, there are no features of Stonehenge which remain unexplained apart from the Altar Stone (details of this to follow).

Clonehenge, Stonehenge and the prototype

This is the ‘new’ version of a solar energy concentrator which creates a bright ‘mini-sun’ rising towards the heavens over the course of an afternoon. Frames either side, pointing towards the north-east, allow ropes to rotate the ‘sail’. Four frames are required; two to stabilise the front of the sail and two more for the opposing end:

I hung a ball off the hinge to make it clear where the hinge is: It's unnecessary, but I thought it might make it easier to see how the sun would appear to rotate around the Earth’s hinge (polar axis).

The test arrangement (above) is also a 30% reproduction of Stonehenge’s structure, but slightly lowered to make focusing easier: To duplicate the rigidity required, the frames have stabilizing cross-bars locked to ground-pegs at the bottom (stone was way too expensive). 

Fixed mirrors (see bottom left in photo below) were placed in an inward facing circle at exactly the same place as Stonehenge’s inwardly facing outer stone circle. Energy is concentrated to the reflector (at the end of the ‘sail’) to produce the ‘mini-sun’:

I also covered the frames in cloth (photo below) to make the arrangement easier to visualise. Locating holes (preferably three) for the polar axis are required in the frame to the south: The same number of vertical holes, directly south of centre, exist at Stonehenge on its southern ‘Trilithon’ set (Stones numbered 53, 54 & the lintel 154):

The ‘Trilithons’ proved to be in exactly the correct place to allow hauling of the sail around the polar axis. From the 3-D virtual models I knew they would, but it was great to see it work in practice:

In ancient times, and right up until a few hundred years ago, the Earth was thought to be fixed at the centre of the Universe. This system shows how the Sun appears to rotate around the polar axis of the Earth; shown here as a ball suspended off the hinge:

The Sun can be used to create the appearance of a ‘sun-child’ rising up on the cross formed by the sail and the rod of the polar axis: As the sun sets, the ‘child’ rises. In the picture below, a view is shown as it would appear if you were standing in Stonehenge itself. Two ‘suns’ can be seen:

The arrangement can be set up in about two hours. I didn't bother to accurately align anything for this test, so some of it will be arranged slightly differently for the eventual configuration. It’s also become apparent that the best time to do this will be in winter: In the earlier winter tests, perhaps due to the coldness, the air shimmers and creates an expanded ghost-like form around the reflector.

Note that sun-glasses are essential:

I wondered if this description; a child of the sun-god rising on a cross, might possibly explain why England was the first country to adopt Christianity? 

Progress: Prototype reflector

I've been trying various different types of reflector and low power arrays. One problem I've found is that some types of reflector are far too bright to be used for demonstration even with the reduced number of mirrors: The one shown below is a silver-coated reflector. In addition to potentially hurting the eyes,  it's an intermittent effect:

After some trial and error, I found that a dimpled reflector, but shaped like a silver dish, gives a much better effect which sparkles constantly when viewed from a wide range of angles.

Progress: Stonehenge Prototype

The rotator has now been completed together with all the initial mirror frames (I plan to add more at a later date). Though it may not look particularly different, there have been quite a few modifications to the rotator arrangement.

The next stage is to add the “Trilithons”. We've found that the arrangement, particularly the rotator, can not function properly without having all the features of Stonehenge. Some of this was a bit of a surprise. In practice, it would have been far easier to copy Stonehenge exactly rather than trying to keep the costs down using modern improvements. Hence all the recent modification compared to the system as it was up until March of this year.

On the picture below, I've shaded in some of the additional central components and removed the excess mast length to show how it will eventually look:

If anyone else is seriously considering doing this, please get in contact before attempting to construct. There are a number of features that are very likely to interest Stonehenge aficionados: Trying to use modern systems without taking into account old ways of doing things will not allow you to show what these are. I have lots of new work coming in, together with health problems of close relatives that I'm trying to keep on top of, so it's possible that 2014 will now be our first demonstration date rather than this year.

Stonehenge: A résoudre l'Univers néolithique

Téléchargez la première partie ici

L'histoire

Un de mes intérêts est la durabilité: Je suis membre de deux institutions d'ingénierie en Grande-Bretagne.

Ce projet a démarré en 2007 ou à peu près: je me demandais s'il serait possible d'utiliser des miroirs fixes comme une forme peu coûteuse de concentrateur d'énergie solaire. Le premier essai a fonctionné raisonnablement bien et il s'est présenté dans un magazine sur le développement durable. A ce stade, il n'y avait aucun lien historique: Cette s'agissait de trouver de nouvelles façons d'obtenir la puissance à faible coût pour remplacer les combustibles fossiles.

Pour montrer que les idées étaient nouvelles, j'ai sorti une demande de brevet. Bien que l'idée était nouvelle, elle a été largement développée par un organisme de recherche du gouvernement en France dans les années 1970, puis mis en production en Inde il ya deux décennies: Je viens de voir une manière un peu mieux de le faire.

Au cours des deux prochaines années, j'ai développé plusieurs prototypes et ceux-ci ont été en vedette dans les journaux.

Le système reproduit le mouvement du soleil, crée donc son propre «petit système solaire" localement à l'intérieur d'une structure. Si le monde a été fixé au centre de l'Univers, cet arrangement serait un peu comme une petite reproduction: Si vous utilisez un réflecteur plutôt que d'une chaudière, le système montre comment le soleil semble tourner autour de la terre par la création d'un «mini-soleil».

Donc, toutes les mathématiques de cette situation sont basées dans la pensée géocentrique: Les miroirs sont fixés, de sorte que les mathématiques sont la façon dont le soleil semble se déplacer autour de notre planète. Le système peut créer un mini-brillant soleil levant au-dessus de la plate-forme. A cette époque, le premier brevet a été vérifié par le bureau britannique des brevets. Ils ont constaté rien de semblable.

C'était la fin de mai 2010, nous avions donc décidé de rendre visite à mon oncle à Salisbury. «Allons-nous visiter Stonehenge ou peut-être la cathédrale de Salisbury?» J'ai demandé à mes garçons que nous approchions de la ville. La réponse «Stonehenge» revint fort et clair.

Stonehenge avait l'air étrangement familier. Étrange parce que je l'avais visité seulement comme un jeune enfant. Puis j'ai remarqué que toutes mes exigences du système semblait être dupliqué dans les pierres.

Après quelques recherches, j'ai trouvé qu'il y avait pas d'incohérences: Toutes les caractéristiques de Stonehenge (linteaux tournées vers l'intérieur, les hauteurs de pierres, de l'agencement de fer à cheval et ainsi de suite) est identique à mes exigences du système. Même les gravures dans la pierre décrire le système: par exemple la fonction sur la face ouest de la pierre 54 a exactement les mêmes dimensions relatives que mes composants: 53 et 54 sont très importantes pour mon système.

J'ai donc écrit un roman sur tout cela et a commencé à faire plus de recherches archéologiques sur les forums pour trouver où était la faille (j'avais supposé qu'il doit y avoir un quelque part).

C'est là que ça a commencé à devenir un peu intéressant. Au lieu de montrer des failles, la logique a été en mesure de prédire ce que les archéologues serait en mesure de trouver. Ainsi, par exemple, lorsque le Stonehenge Riverside projet ont publié leurs résultats en 2012, j'ai pu montrer que je l'avais déjà écrit au sujet de certaines d'entre elles en 2011 (dans le roman). Le Stonehenge Riverside projet a également trouvé des traces d'utilisation ferronnerie à Stonehenge avant sa construction (détails dans le livre du professeur Parker Pearson: «Stonehenge», publié Juin 2012).

J'ai mis en place un document pour le Forum mégalithique et cela s'est étendu par la suite dans un petit livret de non-fiction. La partie qui est disponible dans le lien ci-dessus se réfère seulement à la géo-centrisme et ne dispose pas encore de décrire les inventions (en ce moment je ne l'ai pas traduit).

Le sommaire est que Stonehenge était peut-être une description et un modèle de travail de notre Univers, le professeur Tim Darvill, un expert de Stonehenge, a écrit il ya quelques semaines pour dire: «Je suis d'accord avec vous que la structure de base de Stonehenge est essentiellement un modèle de travail de leur cosmos/ univers perçu ....»

Version française

Je ne sais pas s'il y aurait intérêt à la communauté de langue française dans ces idées, donc j'ai traduit le document que partiellement. Si le document est intéressant, s'il vous plaît laissez un commentaire ci-dessous. 

Si vous voulez écrire en privé, et vous avez une specialiality académique concernant les structures néolithiques, alors s'il vous plaît écrivez-moi ici
 

The other Stonehenge Solstice connection

In a world around which the Universe rotates, the Sun moves its plane (circle) up and down along the polar axis. In summer, the plane is high over England, so the days are long. The sun’s circle rises from the north east and sets in the north west. In winter, the plane is low, so the sun’s circle rises from the south east and sets in the south west:

If you are not familiar with the idea of a solar plane, a post here explains it in more detail.  A lot more detail on the sun’s apparent movement can be found on this wikipedia page (which describes the ecliptic).

If we expand the Earth to make it easy to visualise:

Then this layout is identical to Stonehenge’s layout:

My thanks to NDW for the images.